Analysis of the reasons for requesting HIV serology in the emergency department other than those defined in the targeted screening strategy of the "Urgències VIHgila" program and its potential inclusion in a future consensus document.

OBJECTIVE: To describe other reasons for requesting HIV serology in emergency departments (ED) other than the 6 defined in the SEMES-GESIDA consensus document (DC-SEMES-GESIDA) and to analyze whether it would be efficient to include any of them in the future. METHODS: Review of all HIV serologies performed during 2 years in 20 Catalan EDs. Serologies requested for reasons not defined by the DC-SEMES-GESIDA were grouped by common conditions, the prevalence (IC95%) of seropositivity for each condition was calculated, and those whose 95% confidence lower limit was >0.1% were considered efficient. Sensitivity analysis considered that serology would have been performed on 20% of cases attended and the remaining 80% would have been seronegative. RESULTS: There were 8044 serologies performed for 248 conditions not recommended by DC-SEMES-GESIDA, in 17 there were seropositive, and in 12 the performance of HIV serology would be efficient. The highest prevalence of detection corresponded to patients from endemic countries (7.41%, 0.91-24.3), lymphopenia (4.76%, 0.12-23.8), plateletopenia (4.37%, 1.20-10.9), adenopathy (3.45%, 0.42-11.9), meningoencephalitis (3.12%, 0.38-10.8) and drug use (2.50%, 0.68-6.28). Sensitivity analysis confirmed efficiency in 6 of them: endemic country origin, plateletopenia, drug abuse, toxic syndrome, behavioral-confusional disorder-agitation and fever of unknown origin. CONCLUSION: The DC-SEMES-GESIDA targeted HIV screening strategy in the ED could efficiently include other circumstances not previously considered; the most cost-effective would be origin from an endemic country, plateletopenia, drug abuse, toxic syndrome, behavioral-confusional-agitation disorder and fever of unknown origin.

Impact of systemic therapies on SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in patients with immune-mediated diseases. / Impacto de las terapias sistémicas en la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con enfermedades inmunomediadas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) treated with biologic (bDMARDs) or synthetic targeted disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs). METHODS: An observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study of analytical prevalence analysis was conducted in patients with IMID with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs. Seroprevalence was compared by measuring immunoglobulinG (IgG) against SARS-CoV-2 between October/2020 and May/2021. RESULTS: A total of 550 IMID's patients were studied, all of them on treatment with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs. The seroprevalence of the total patient group was 16% (88/550). Patients receiving therapy with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNFi) had a higher seroprevalence compared to other biologic and synthetic targeted therapies (OR: 1.792 [95%CI: 1.088-2.951]; P=.021). The influence on seroprevalence of concomitant use with b/tsDMARDs of conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs) was also analyzed. A lower seroprevalence was demonstrated in the group of patients treated with TNFi and methotrexate together, compared with those on TNFi monotherapy, 10.1 vs 24.1% (OR: 0.355 [95%CI: 0.165-0.764]; P=.006). No significant differences were found with the other DMARDs. Regarding IMIDs, no differences in seroprevalence were identified between the different disease groups. CONCLUSION: Patients on treatment with TNFα inhibitors have better humoral response compared to the other b/tsDMARDs. However, when associated with methotrexate the seroprevalence decreases significantly.

Distribution, seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in Brazil: Official data, systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bovine brucellosis is an endemic disease in Brazil, and evidence-based assessments of the available literature on its seroprevalence and risk factors are limited. The aim of this study was to systematically review and summarize studies related to seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine brucellosis in the entire Brazil, in addition to comparing published data with the most recent official reports. Articles available in scientific databases and published between October 2006 and October 2021 were evaluated. Forty-five publications were included in the meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of brucellosis and 29 publications in the review on risk factors. The largest number of publications was found for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (n=4), and the highest and lowest seroprevalences were observed in Acre (11%; 95% CI: 8.0-14.0%) and in the Federal District (0.4%; 95% CI: 0.2-0.7%). The main risk factors were the purchase of animals for breeding, vaccination, the number of heifers (female ≥2 years), the presence of calving paddocks and the occurrence of abortions. The need for new official studies has been suggested to determine the true prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Brazil, supported by the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis.

Estudio de seroprevalencia de HVS 1-2 en gestantes y recién nacidos de 2017 a 2021

El virus herpes simple (VHS) pertenece a la subfamilia alfa virus, miembro de la familia Herpes viridae. Existen dos tipos de VHS íntimamente relacionados, el VHS tipo 1 (VHS1) y el VHS tipo 2 (VHS2), que causan enfermedades de diversa gravedad. El VHS1 se transmite principalmente por contacto de boca a boca y el VHS2 se transmite por vía sexual; ambos pueden causar herpes genital. La carga de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial derivada de patógenos de transmisión sexual compromete la vida, así como la salud sexual y reproductiva, y la salud del recién nacido. Objetivos: Determinar la seroprevalencia IgG e IgM por VHS1 y VHS2 de los recién nacidos y madres en el periodo de enero 2017 a julio 2021 en un hospital de tercer nivel. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo de corte transversal de enero 2017 a julio 2021. Se midió anticuerpos IgG e IgM en recién nacidos y gestantes de ultimo trimestre, utilizando el método de ELISA. Resultados: De un total de 4712 serologías IgG e IgM de madres y RN analizados la seroprevalencia de IgG en gestantes fue cercana al 100% con valor similar en los RN (87%), la seroprevalencia de IgM en las madres fue 0,23% y de los RN 0,36% con tendencia ascendente. Conclusión: la seroprevalencia de IgG para VHS es elevada, en cambio la seroprevalencia de IgM en gestantes y recién nacidos en el periodo de estudio es significativamente baja.

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) belongs to the alpha virus subfamily, a member of the family Herpes viridae. There are two closely related types of HSV, HSV type 1 and HSV-2, which cause diseases of varying severity. HSV-1 is transmitted mainly by mouth-to-mouth contact and HSV-2 is transmitted sexually, both of which can cause genital herpes. The global burden of morbidity and mortality from sexually transmitted pathogens compromises life, as well as sexual and reproductive health, and the health of the newborn. Objective: To determine the IgG and IgM seroprevalence for HSV 1 - 2 of newborns and mothers in the period from January 2017 to July 2021 in a third level hospital. Materials and Methods: Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study of January 2017 to July 2021. IgG and IgM antibodies were measured in newborns and pregnant women in the last trimester, using the ELISA method. Results: Of a total of 4712 IgG and IgM serologies of mothers and newborns analyzed the seroprevalence of IgG in pregnant women was close to 100% with similar value in newborns (87%), IgM seroprevalence in mothers was 0.23% and the RN 0.36% with an upward trend. Conclusion: The IgG seroprevalence for HSV is high, while the IgM seroprevalence in pregnant women and newborns during the study period is significantly low.

Seroprevalencia del SARS-CoV-2 en los pacientes con enfermedades inmunomediadas en tratamiento con terapias biológicas y sintéticos dirigidos

Introducción: La seroprevalencia del SARS-CoV-2 en las enfermedades inflamatorias inmunomediadas (IMID) sigue siendo fuente de controversia. Objetivo: Comparar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos (Ac) anti SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con IMID en tratamientos con fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad biológicos (FAMEb) o sintéticos dirigidos (FAMEsd) frente a un grupo de personas sin IMID. Métodos: Estudio de pacientes con IMID y tratamientos con FAMEb y FAMEsd y de individuos sin IMID. Mediante la técnica de inmunoensayo por quimioluminiscencia indirecta, se determinaron las serologías IgG frente al SARS-CoV-2 entre octubre/2020 y mayo/2021. Resultados: Se estudiaron 1.100 sujetos, 550 pacientes con IMID y 550 personas sin IMID. Se observó una seroprevalencia de 16% (88/550) en los pacientes frente a 19,3% (106/550) en el grupo de personas sin IMID, sin significación estadística (OR 0,790 [IC 95% 0,558-1,118]). Comparando los tratamientos con FAMEb o FAMEsd, se observó una tendencia a una menor seroprevalencia con rituximab, en relación con los individuos sin IMID (OR 0,296 [IC 95% 0,0871,007]). Asimismo, se encontró menor seroprevalencia en los pacientes que además de su FAMEb recibían tratamiento con metotrexato, en comparación con el grupo de personas sin IMID (OR 0,432 [IC 95% 0,223-0,835]). Conclusiones: Las IMID en tratamiento con FAMEb o FAMEsd no influyen en la seroprevalencia frente al SARS-CoV-2 de los pacientes. El tratamiento concomitante con metotrexato disminuye de forma significativa la seroprevalencia en estos pacientes.

Background: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in immunemediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) remains controversial. Aim: To compare the seroprevalence of antibodies (Ab) to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with IMID receiving treatment with biological diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARD) or targeted synthetic (tsDMARD) versus a group of people without IMID. Methods: Study of patients with IMID and treatments with bDMARD and tsDMARD and individuals without IMID. IgG serology against SARS-CoV-2 was measured using the two-step sandwich immunoassay technique by indirect chemiluminescence between October 2020 and May 2021. Results: A total of 1100 subjects were studied, 550 patients with IMID and 550 persons without IMID. A seroprevalence of 16% (88/550) was observed in patients versus 19.3% (106/550) in the group of people without IMID, without statistical significance (OR 0.790 [95% CI 0.558-1.118]). Comparing the treatments with bD- MARD or tsDMARD, there was a tendency to lower seroprevalence with rituximab, in relation to individuals without IMID (OR 0.296 [95% CI 0.087-1.007]). In addition, lower seroprevalence was found in patients who received methotrexate treatment in addition to their bDMARD, compared to the group of individuals without IMID (OR 0.432 [95% CI 0.223-0.835]). Conclusions: IMIDs in treatment with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs do not influence the seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 in patients. Concomitant treatment with methotrexate significantly decreased seroprevalence in these patients.

Association between toxoplasmosis and autoimmune rheumatic diseases in Egyptian patients.

PURPOSE: To explore the association between T. gondii and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). METHODS: This study involved 82 patients with ARDs: 44 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 28 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 10 systemic sclerosis (SSc) and 61 age- and sex-matched controls. Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, and disease activity was assessed. Exposure to toxoplasmosis risk factors was investigated. Serological tests for anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies were assessed using ELISA. RESULTS: In SLE patients, a significant difference of T. gondii IgM versus controls was detected (P=.03). In RA and SLE patients, T. gondii IgG showed a significant difference versus controls (34 (77.3%) P=.001 and 18 (64.3%) P=.03, respectively). There was no significant difference in SSc versus controls. Fetal congenital anomalies displayed a significant difference in IgM seropositive compared to seronegative patients (P=.04). Cat exposure showed a significant difference between IgM and IgG seropositive versus seronegative patients (12 (80.0%) P=.02 and 34 (59.6) P=.04, respectively). There was no significant difference in seropositive patients regarding history of abortion, neuro-psychiatric manifestations, disease activity parameters (ESR, CRP), or different regimens of medications. CONCLUSION: Toxoplasma IgM seropositivity is associated with SLE patients. T. gondii IgG seropositivity is associated with both RA and SLE patients. However, Toxoplasma seropositivity had no association with SSc patients. An association between fetal congenital anomalies and IgM seropositivity was demonstrated. A linkage between cat exposure as a risk factor and toxoplasmosis was suggested among ARD patiants. Exploration of impact of toxoplasmosis on ARDs is a necessity through randomized controlled trials.

[Associated factors for prediabetes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus]. / Factores asociados para prediabetes en pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana.

Introduction: HIV disease was transformed from a fatal condition to one with metabolic complications. In Mexico City, the associated factors for prediabetes in this population are unknown; investigating it is relevant to improve their quality of life. Objective: To determine the risk association factors for prediabetes in people living with HIV. Material and methods: Cross-analytical, retrospective study. Records of patients living with HIV were reviewed, exposure factors and fasting glucose concentration were recorded. Patients from 18 to 65 years of age were included, on co-formulated antiretroviral treatment, without adjustment of antiretroviral treatment in the last two years, with a BMI of 18.5-40 kg/m2. Results: 148 patients were included, 68 presented prediabetes. The factors with risk association that were identified are: age over 60 years (OR 9.48, 95% CI 1.68-40.13), treatment with Efavirenz/Tenofovir/Emtricitabine (OR 9.28, 95% CI 2.55-33.74) and treatment time antiretroviral older than 12 months (OR 2.53, 95% CI .912-7.041). Conclusion: The prevalence of prediabetes in people living with HIV is 46%. The main associated factor was the consumption of Atripla. This study has clinical relevance since it will allow the implementation of prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies for prediabetes in order to reduce associated morbidity and mortality.

Introducción: la enfermedad por VIH ha pasado de ser un padecimiento mortal a uno con complicaciones metabólicas. En la Ciudad de México se desconocen los factores asociados para prediabetes en esta población, investigarlo es relevante para mejorar su calidad de vida. Objetivo: determinar los factores con asociación de riesgo para prediabetes en personas que viven con VIH. Material y métodos: estudio transversal-analítico, retrospectivo. Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes que viven con VIH, registrándose los factores de exposición y la concentración de glucosa en ayuno. Se incluyeron pacientes de 18 a 65 años, en tratamiento antirretroviral coformulado, sin ajuste de tratamiento antirretroviral en los últimos dos años, con IMC de 18.5-40 kg/m2. Resultados: se incluyeron 148 pacientes, 68 presentaron prediabetes. Los factores con asociación de riesgo que se identificaron son: edad mayor de 60 años (OR: 9.48, IC95%: 1.68-40.13), tratamiento con Efavirenz/Tenofovir/Emtricitabina (OR: 9.28, IC95%: 2.55-33.74) y tiempo de tratamiento antirretroviral mayor de 12 meses (OR: 2.53, IC95%: 0.912-7.041). Conclusión: la prevalencia de prediabetes en personas que viven con VIH es del 46%. El principal factor asociado fue el consumo de Atripla. Este estudio tiene relevancia clínica ya que permitirá implementar estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de prediabetes con la finalidad de reducir la morbimortalidad asociada.

Association between toxoplasmosis and autoimmune rheumatic diseases in Egyptian patients / Asociación entre toxoplasmosis y enfermedades reumáticas autoinmunes en pacientes egipcios

Purpose: To explore the association between T. gondii and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). Methods: This study involved 82 patients with ARDs: 44 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 28 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 10 systemic sclerosis (SSc) and 61 age- and sex-matched controls. Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, and disease activity was assessed. Exposure to toxoplasmosis risk factors was investigated. Serological tests for anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies were assessed using ELISA. Results: In SLE patients, a significant difference of T. gondii IgM versus controls was detected (P=.03). In RA and SLE patients, T. gondii IgG showed a significant difference versus controls (34 (77.3%) P=.001 and 18 (64.3%) P=.03, respectively). There was no significant difference in SSc versus controls. Fetal congenital anomalies displayed a significant difference in IgM seropositive compared to seronegative patients (P=.04). Cat exposure showed a significant difference between IgM and IgG seropositive versus seronegative patients (12 (80.0%) P=.02 and 34 (59.6) P=.04, respectively). There was no significant difference in seropositive patients regarding history of abortion, neuro-psychiatric manifestations, disease activity parameters (ESR, CRP), or different regimens of medications. Conclusion: Toxoplasma IgM seropositivity is associated with SLE patients. T. gondii IgG seropositivity is associated with both RA and SLE patients. However, Toxoplasma seropositivity had no association with SSc patients. An association between fetal congenital anomalies and IgM seropositivity was demonstrated. A linkage between cat exposure as a risk factor and toxoplasmosis was suggested among ARD patiants. Exploration of impact of toxoplasmosis on ARDs is a necessity through randomized controlled trials.(AU)

Propósito: Explorar la asociación entre Toxoplasma gondii y enfermedades reumáticas autoinmunes (ERA).Métodos: Este estudio involucró a 82 pacientes con ERA: 44 con artritis reumatoide (AR), 28 con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) y 10 con esclerosis sistémica (SSc); y 61 controles emparejados por edad y sexo. Se recopilaron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de laboratorio, y se evaluó la actividad de la enfermedad. Se indagó exposición a factores de riesgo de toxoplasmosis. Las pruebas serológicas de anticuerpos IgM e IgG antitoxoplasma se evaluaron mediante ELISA.Resultados: En pacientes con LES se detectó una diferencia significativa de T. gondii IgM vs. controles (p = 0,03). En pacientes con AR y LES, T. gondii IgG mostró una diferencia significativa frente a los controles (34 [77,3%] p = 0,001 y 18 [64,3%] p = 0,03, respectivamente). No hay diferencia significativa en SSc vs. controles. Las anomalías congénitas fetales mostraron una diferencia significativa en los pacientes seropositivos para IgM en comparación con los pacientes seronegativos (p = 0,04). La exposición a los gatos mostró una diferencia significativa entre los pacientes seropositivos para IgM e IgG frente a los seronegativos (12 [80%] p = 0,02 y 34 [59,6] p = 0,04, respectivamente). No hubo diferencias significativas en pacientes seropositivos con respecto a antecedentes de aborto, manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas, parámetros de actividad de la enfermedad (ESR, CRP) o diferentes regímenes de medicamentos.(AU)

Resultados en Navarra del estudio nacional de sero-epidemiología ENE-COVID / Results in Navarra of the national study of sero-epidemiology ENE-COVID

Fundamento: España ha sido uno de los países europeos más afectados por la pandemiade COVID-19. La encuesta serológica ENE-COVID, estudio de base poblacional tiene comoobjetivo estimar la seroprevalencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en España a nivel nacionaly autonómico y su evolución temporal. Se presentan los resultados correspondientes a laComunidad Foral de Navarra. Metodología: Se seleccionaron 864 hogares de padrones municipales mediante muestreoaleatorio estratificado bietápico. La primera fase estudió la seroprevalencia en la primeraonda epidémica mediante tres rondas, entre el 27 de abril y el 22 de junio de 2020, en las queparticiparon 1.865 personas (77,5% de respuesta). Respondieron a un cuestionario sobre elhistorial de síntomas compatibles con COVID-19 y factores de riesgo y, si estuvieron de acuerdo,donaron sangre para detección de anticuerpos en laboratorio mediante inmunoensayoquimioluminiscente de micropartículas (IQM). Tras la desescalada se realizó una cuarta rondadel estudio, entre el 16 y el 19 de noviembre de 2020, para tener una imagen más completa dela extensión epidémica. Resultados: La seroprevalencia en Navarra fue 14,3 %, sin diferencias por sexo pero sí mayoren personas de 50-64 años (18%) y en residentes en secciones censales con mayor nivel derenta. La tasa de seroconversión entre la primera fase (rondas 1 a 3) y la cuarta ronda delestudio fue del 7,1% (IC95%: 5,3-9,4). Alrededor de un tercio de los participantes seropositivosfueron asintomáticos, con un rango de 21,9 % (19,1-24,9) a 35,8 % (33,1-38,5). Conclusión: Estos resultados enfatizaron la necesidad de mantener las medidas de saludpública para evitar una nueva ola epidémica.(AU)

Prevalencia de marcadores infecciosos en donantes de sangre. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Ruíz y Páez

Introducción: La infección transmitida por transfusión (ITT) es producto de la inoculación directa de un agente infeccioso específico desde la unidad de sangre al huésped susceptible. Los marcadores serológicos positivos responden a características epidemiológicas no detectadas en miembros de la población aparentemente saludable. Objetivo general: Determinar la prevalencia de marcadores infecciosos y las características sociodemográficas en unidades sanguíneas procesadas de donantes que asisten al banco de sangre del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario "Ruíz y Páez" de Ciudad Bolívar - Estado Bolívar, período junio 2019 - junio 2022. Metodología: Se trató de un estudio de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo, no experimental. El universo estuvo conformado por 13 016 unidades sanguíneas, 414 muestras fueron reactivas, que reportaron un total de 434 serologías positivas. Resultados: Se apreció una prevalencia global de 3,34 % para cualquier ITT; el marcador infeccioso más frecuente fue sífilis con el 60,83 % y una prevalencia de 2,03 %. Tomando en cuenta las características sociodemográficas predominantes: género masculino, 65,94 %; grupo etario 38-47 años, 28,74 %; ocupación obrera, 24,88 %; provenientes de Ciudad Bolívar, 84,06 %. Las muestras con coinfección representaron un 4,58 %, siendo la combinación VIH+Sífilis la más frecuente 1,45 %. El año 2021 destacó con 35,25 % serologías positivas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de marcadores infecciosos se considera no despreciable. Se debe reforzar la prevención y cura de las enfermedades infecciosas trasmisibles en miembros de la población aparentemente saludable, así como también redirigir las estrategias en el manejo de seguridad transfusional.

Introduction: Transfusion-transmitted infection (ITT) is the direct inoculation of a specific infectious agent from the blood unit to the susceptible host. Positive serological markers respond to epidemiological characteristics not detected in members of the apparently healthy population. General objective: Determine the prevalence of infection markers and sociodemographic characteristics in processed blood units of donors attending the blood bank of the "Ruíz y Páez" University Hospital Complex in Ciudad Bolívar - Bolivar State, period June 2019 - June 2022. Methodology: This was a descriptive, retrospective, nonexperimental study. The universe consisted of 13 016 blood units, 414 samples were reactive, which reported a total of 434 positive serologies. Results: An overall prevalence of 3.34 % was found for any ITT; the most frequent infection markers were syphilis with 60.83% and a prevalence of 2.03 %. Taking into account the predominant sociodemographic characteristics: male gender, 65.94 %; age group 38-47 years, 28.74 %; labor occupation, 24.88 %; from Ciudad Bolivar, 84.06 %. The samples with coinfection represented 4.58 %, being the combination HIV+Syphilis the most frequent 1.45 %. Year 2021 stood out with 35.25 % positive serologies. Conclusions: The prevalence of infection markers is considered not negligible. The prevention and cure of communicable infectious diseases in members of the apparently healthy population should be strengthened, as well as redirecting strategies in transfusion safety management.

Detección en urgencias de infección por VIH en pacientes que consultan por condiciones potencialmente relacionadas con infección oculta: Resultados iniciales del programa “Urgències VIHgila” / Emergency detection of HIV infection in patients consulting for conditions potentially related to occult infection: Initial results of the “Urgències VIHgila” program

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of unknown HIV infection in patients who consulted in hospital emergency services (ED) for conditions defined in the SEMES-GESIDA Consensus Document (DC), evaluate the efficiency of its im-plementation and investigate the efficiency of HIV serology determination in other conditions. Methods: Results were reviewed in 10 Catalan EDs for 12 months (July-21-June-22) after implementing CD recommendations: request HIV serology in case of suspected sexually transmitted infection, chemsex, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), mononucleosis syndrome, community pneumonia (18-65 y-o) or herpes zoster (18-65 y-o). Other reasons for request were included. Prevalence (%) of global seropositivity and for each circumstance was calculated, with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The efficient strategy was considered if the lower limit of the CI95%>0.1%. Results: A total of5,107 HIV serologies were performed: 2,847(56%) in situations specified in CD, and 2,266 (44%) in other 138 circumstances. Forty-eight unknown HIV infections were detected (prevalence=0.94%;95%CI=0.69-1.24). The prevalence was somewhat higher in DC requests (30 cas-es 1.12%) than the rest (18 cases 0.71%; p=0.16). The individualized prevalence of CD reasons ranged between 7.41% (95%CI=0.91-24.3) in chemsex and 0.42% 95%CI=0.14-0.98) in PPE, always efficient except herpes zoster (0.76%; CI95%=0.02-4.18). In other reasons, cases were detected in 12 circumstances, and in four the determination could be efficient: lymphopenia (10%;CI95%=0.25-44.5), fever with polyarthralgia-polyarthritis (7.41%;CI95% =0.91-24.3), behavioral alteration-confusion-encephalopathy (3.45%;95%CI=0.42-11.9) and fever of unknown origin (2.50%;95%CI=0.82-5.74). (AU)

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de infección por VIH des-conocida en pacientes que consultan en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) por las condiciones definidas en el Documento de Consenso (DC) de SEMES-GESIDA, evaluar la eficiencia de su implementación e investigar si en otras condiciones la determinación de serología VIH puede resultar eficiente.Método: Se revisaron los resultados obtenidos en 10 SUH catalanes durante los 12 meses (julio-21 a junio-22) siguientes a implementar las recomendaciones del DC de solicitar serología VIH a pacientes con sospecha de infección de transmisión sexual, práctica de chemsex, solicitud profilaxis post-exposición (PPE), síndrome mononucleósico, neumonía comunitaria (18-65 años) o herpes zóster (18-65 años). Se consignaron también otros motivos de solicitud. Se calculó la prevalencia (%) de seropositividad global y para cada circunstancia, con su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Se consideró la estrategia eficiente si el límite inferior del IC95% era >0,1%.Resultados: Se realizaron 5.107 serologías VIH: 2.847 (56%) en situaciones especificadas en el DC, y 2.266 (44%) en otras 138 circunstancias. Se detectaron 48 infecciones por VIH desconocidas (prevalencia=0,94%; IC95%=0,69-1,24). La preva-lencia fue algo superior en las solicitudes ajustadas al DC (30 ca-sos, 1,12%) que en las que no (18 casos, 0,71%; p=0,16). La prevalencia individualizada para los motivos especificados en el DC osciló entre 7,41% IC95%=0,91-24,3) en práctica de chemsex y 0,42% (IC95%=0,14-0,98) en PPE, y siempre resultó eficiente, con excepción de herpes zóster (0,76%, IC95%=0,02-4,18). Respecto al resto de motivos de solicitud, se detectaron casos en 12 circunstancias, y en cuatro la determinación podría ser eficiente: linfopenia (10%, IC95%=0,25-44,5), fiebre con poliartralgias-poliartritis (7,41%, IC95%=0,91-24,3), alteración conductual-confusión-encefalopatía (3,45%,IC95%=0,42-11,9) y fiebre de origen desconocido(2,50%,IC95%=0,82-5,74)(AU)

Seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in a rural community from Tandil, Argentina. Assessment of risk factors and spatial analysis / Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis humana en una comunidad rural del partido de Tandil (Argentina). Identificación de los factores de riesgo y del análisis espacial

Abstract Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis that is widely distributed in the world. Although it is endemic in Argentina, prevalence remains unknown. The aims of the study were: (i) to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis in humans from a rural community in Tandil Argentina, (ii) to identify infecting Leptospira spp. serogroups, (iii) to identify factors associated with the infection, (iv) to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of the risk factors and (v) to determine the spatial patterns of disease presentation and related risk factors. Blood samples from 202 participants were collected. A survey was conducted to obtain clinical and epidemiological data. Serological testing was performed by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Univariate and multivariate methods were applied to evaluate associations. Spatial clusters were investigated for seroprevalence and risk factors. Antibodies were found in 32.2% of participants (95% CI: 25.8-39.1). The most prevalent serogroup was Hebdomadis followed by Sejroe; Icterohaemorrhagiae; Tarassovi and Canicola. Living at lower altitudes (OR: 13.04; 95% CI: 2.60-65.32); not having access to water supply network (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.30-6.69); living close to flooded streets (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.14-7.69) and practicing water sports (OR: 3.12; 95% CI: 1.12-8.33) were associated with seropositivity. Factors related with housing characteristics, services and infrastructure had the higher PAF (from 17% to 81%). A spatial cluster with higher rates of positivity and of the main risk factors was determined. This work contributes useful data for specific preventive measures that should be implemented for the control of the disease.

Resumen La leptospirosis es una enfermedad desatendida, ampliamente distribuida a nivel mundial. Aunque es endémica en Argentina, su prevalencia es desconocida. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron los siguientes: (i) determinar la prevalencia de leptospirosis humana en comunidades rurales del partido de Tandil (Argentina), (ii) identificar serogrupos infectantes de Leptospira spp., (iii) identificar factores de riesgo asociados, (iv) estimar la fracción atribuible poblacional (FAP) de los factores de riesgo y (v) determinar los patrones espaciales de la enfermedad y de los factores de riesgo. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a 202 personas, y se registró información clínica y epidemiológica. El diagnóstico se realizó por microaglutinación (MAT). Para evaluar asociaciones, se utilizaron métodos univariados y multivariados. Se estudiaron clusters espaciales de la seroprevalencia y de los factores de riesgo. El 32,2% de los participantes (IC 95%: 25,8-39,1) presentaron anticuerpos. Los serogrupos más prevalentes fueron Hebdomadis, Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Tarassovi y Canicola. Vivir a menores altitudes (OR: 13,04; IC 95%: 2,60-65,32) y cerca de calles inundables (OR: 2,94; IC 95%: 1,14-7,69), la falta de acceso a agua de red (OR: 2,95; IC 95%: 1,30-6,69) y la práctica de deportes acuáticos (OR: 3,12; IC 95%: 1,12-8,33) estuvieron asociados con la seropositividad. Factores relacionados con las características de las viviendas, los servicios y la infraestructura tuvieron mayor proporción de FAP (17 al 81%). Se encontró un área de mayor riesgo de presentación de individuos seropositivos y de los principales factores de riesgo. Este trabajo provee información útil para generar medidas preventivas específicas que podrían ser aplicadas para controlar esta enfermedad.

Seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in a rural community from Tandil, Argentina. Assessment of risk factors and spatial analysis.

Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis that is widely distributed in the world. Although it is endemic in Argentina, prevalence remains unknown. The aims of the study were: (i) to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis in humans from a rural community in Tandil Argentina, (ii) to identify infecting Leptospira spp. serogroups, (iii) to identify factors associated with the infection, (iv) to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of the risk factors and (v) to determine the spatial patterns of disease presentation and related risk factors. Blood samples from 202 participants were collected. A survey was conducted to obtain clinical and epidemiological data. Serological testing was performed by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Univariate and multivariate methods were applied to evaluate associations. Spatial clusters were investigated for seroprevalence and risk factors. Antibodies were found in 32.2% of participants (95% CI: 25.8-39.1). The most prevalent serogroup was Hebdomadis followed by Sejroe; Icterohaemorrhagiae; Tarassovi and Canicola. Living at lower altitudes (OR: 13.04; 95% CI: 2.60-65.32); not having access to water supply network (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.30-6.69); living close to flooded streets (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.14-7.69) and practicing water sports (OR: 3.12; 95% CI: 1.12-8.33) were associated with seropositivity. Factors related with housing characteristics, services and infrastructure had the higher PAF (from 17% to 81%). A spatial cluster with higher rates of positivity and of the main risk factors was determined. This work contributes useful data for specific preventive measures that should be implemented for the control of the disease.

Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo de Toxoplasma gondii en Personas que Viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS) en el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia

Objetivo: determinar la seroprevalencia y los factores de riesgo de infección crónica por T. gondii en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS) en el departamento de Cochabamba. Metodología: estudio observacional-descriptivo de corte transversal. Se emplearon 325 muestras de plasma/suero proveniente de pacientes que asistieron a LABIMED entre Julio y agosto del año 2016. La recopilación de datos se realizó en un formulario sociodemográfico. Se emplearon ensayos serológicos cualitativos de Hemaglutinación Indirecta (HAI) e Inmunoflorecencia Indirecta (IFI), este último para confirmación de casos positivos. Adicionalmente se realizó el recuento de Linfocitos T CD4+ por citómetria de flujo para determinar el estado inmunológico de los pacientes que sirve de guía en el tratamiento clínico. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa/software SPSS versión 20. Resultados: la seroprevalencia global de infección crónica por T. gondii en la población de estudio fue del 40%. El consumo de carne poco cocida (OR: 2,85; 95%IC: 1,56-5,22) y la actividad de agricultura/jardinería (OR: 1,7; IC del 95%: 1,07-2,70) fueron factores de riesgo para adquirir la infección crónica por T. gondii. El 45.6% de las PVVS positivos para toxoplasmosis tiene un recuento de Linfocitos T CD4+ < a 200 células/mm3, equivalente a una inmunodeficiencia severa. Conclusión: El estudio muestra una seroprevalencia significativa de infección crónica por T. gondii, además de presentar una inmunodeficiencia severa en PVVS

Objective: To determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for chronic infection by T. gondii in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in the department of Cochabamba. Methods: observational-descriptive cross-sectional study. 325 samples (n=325) of plasma/serum from patients who attended LABIMED between the months of July to August of the year 2016 were used. Data (age, gender and risk factors) were collected in the sociodemographic form. Qualitative serological tests of Indirect Hemaglutination (HAI) and Indirect Immunoflorescence (IFI) were used the latter for confirmation of positive cases. Additionally, the count of CD4+ T lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry to determine the immunological status of the patients that serves as a guide in clinical treatment. The data were analyzed with the program/software SPSS version 20. Results: the global seroprevalence of chronic infection by T. gondii in the study population was 40%. Consumption of undercooked meat (AOR: 2.85; 95% CI: 1,56-5,22) and farming/gardening activity (AOR: 1,7; 95% CI: 1,07-2,70) were risk factors for chronic T. gondii infection. 45,6% of people living with the HIV/AIDS virus who are positive for toxoplasmosis have a CD4+ T lymphocyte count <200 cells/ml, equivalent to severe immunodeficiency. Conclusions: the study shows a significant seroprevalence of chronic infection by T. gondii, as well as presenting a high severe immunodeficiency in patients with the HIV/AIDS virus.

Alta seroprevalencia de sífilis y herpes genital en migrantes en tránsito en Chiapas, México / High seroprevalence of syphilis and genital herpes in migrants in transit in Chiapas, Mexico / Alta soroprevalência de sífilis e herpes genital em migrantes em trânsito por Chiapas, México

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Treponema pallidum y virus herpes simple tipo 2 (VHS-2), así como identificar los factores asociados a dichas infecciones entre migrantes en tránsito en Chiapas, México. Métodos. Estudio transversal realizado durante 2021-2022, en tres albergues para migrantes en Chiapas, México. Las personas contestaron un cuestionario y proporcionaron una muestra de sangre para la detección de anticuerpos contra Treponema pallidum y VHS-2. Se calculó la seroprevalencia y se evaluaron los factores asociados mediante pruebas de χ2 y razones de momios. Resultados. Participaron 462 migrantes, con edad promedio de 31,2 años, 56,9 % eran mujeres, 41,1 % provenían de Honduras. La seroprevalencia de VHS-2 fue 29,9 % mientras que la de sífilis fue 4,5 %, siendo mayor en hombres (8,0 %) que en mujeres (1,9 %). El 15,4 % de las embarazadas presentaban anticuerpos contra sífilis. Entre las variables asociadas a sífilis destacan el ser hombre, antecedente de lesiones genitales, así como tener parejas del mismo sexo y la seropositividad a VHS-2. Con relación al VHS-2, factores como ser mujer, edad, escolaridad, dormir en la calle, antecedente de prueba de VIH, debut sexual temprano, número de parejas sexuales y sífilis estuvieron asociados a la infección. Conclusiones. Se encontró una prevalencia elevada de sífilis y VHS-2 entre la población migrante evaluada. La sífilis se confirma como una infección reemergente, incluso en las mujeres. Los migrantes presenta vulnerabilidades asociadas al comportamiento sexual, por lo que se deben enfocar medidas de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento para este grupo poblacional.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the prevalence of antibodies against Treponema pallidum and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and to identify the factors associated with these infections among migrants in transit in Chiapas, Mexico. Methods. Cross-sectional study conducted during 2021-2022, in three migrant shelters in Chiapas, Mexico. Participants answered a questionnaire and provided a blood sample to detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum and HSV-2. The study calculated seroprevalence and assessed associated factors using Chi-square (χ2) tests and odds ratios. Results. A total of 462 migrants participated, with an average age of 31.2 years; 56.9% were women, and 41.1% came from Honduras. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 was 29.9%; for syphilis it was 4.5%, and it was higher in men (8.0%) than in women (1.9%). Among pregnant women, 15.4% had antibodies against syphilis. Notable variables associated with syphilis include being male, having a history of genital lesions, having same-sex partners, and seropositivity to HSV-2. Regarding HSV-2, factors associated with infection included being female, age, schooling, sleeping in the street, a history of HIV testing, early sexual debut, number of sexual partners, and syphilis. Conclusions. A high prevalence of syphilis and HSV-2 was found among the migrant population evaluated. Syphilis is confirmed as a re-emerging infection, even in women. Migrants have vulnerabilities associated with sexual behavior, so prevention, diagnosis, and treatment measures should be focused on this population group.

RESUMO Objetivos. Determinar a prevalência de anticorpos contra Treponema pallidum e vírus herpes simples tipo 2 (HSV-2) e identificar os fatores associados a essas infecções entre migrantes em trânsito por Chiapas, México. Métodos. Estudo transversal realizado nos anos de 2021 e 2022 em três abrigos de migrantes em Chiapas, México. Os participantes preencheram um questionário e forneceram uma amostra de sangue para a detecção de anticorpos contra Treponema pallidum e HSV-2. Calculou-se a soroprevalência e avaliaram-se os fatores associados usando testes de χ2 e razões de chances. Resultados. O estudou incluiu 462 migrantes com idade média de 31,2 anos, dos quais 56,9% eram mulheres e 41,1% vinham de Honduras. A soroprevalência do HSV-2 foi de 29,9%. A soroprevalência de sífilis, por sua vez, foi de 4,5%, sendo mais alta nos homens (8,0%) do que nas mulheres (1,9%). Os anticorpos contra a sífilis estavam presentes em 15,4% das mulheres grávidas. As principais variáveis associadas à sífilis foram sexo masculino e história de lesões genitais, além de parceiros do mesmo sexo e soropositividade para HSV-2. Com relação ao HSV-2, fatores como sexo feminino, idade, escolaridade, dormir na rua, história de teste de HIV, iniciação sexual precoce, número de parceiros sexuais e sífilis estavam associados a infecção. Conclusões. A população migrante avaliada apresenta alta prevalência de sífilis e HSV-2. Confirmou-se que a sífilis é uma infecção reemergente, inclusive em mulheres. Os migrantes apresentam vulnerabilidades associadas ao comportamento sexual; portanto, é preciso concentrar medidas de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento nesse grupo populacional.

Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a toxoplasmosis gestacional en el Nororiente Colombiano / Seroprevalence and risk factors for congenital toxoplasmosis in the northeastern region of Colombia / Soroprevalência e fatores de risco associados à toxoplasmose gestacional no nordeste da Colômbia

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis prevalent in one-third of the world's population, adversely affecting maternal-fetal health by causing varying degrees of damage to the fetus. Objective: To assess the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and associated risk factors in first-trimester pregnant women in Cúcuta, Colombia, in 2018. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional and correlational study in 111 women who voluntarily participated. Specific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by luminescence immunoassay (LIA). Results: Total seropositivity for IgM and IgG was 19.8% and 35.1%, respectively, 11.7% was for IgM only, and 53.2% corresponded to the overall seronegativity rate for T. gondii. Risk factors (CI = 95%) such as undercooked meat consumption (54.1% of cases, OR = 1.8, p = 0.120), tap water consumption (48.6%, OR = 1.4, p = 0.421), and goat or cow raw milk consumption (39.6%, OR = 0.78, p = 0.553) were identified; in addition, living with cats (23.4%) was identified as a risk factor significantly associated with parasite seropositivity (OR = 2.8, p = 0.025). Discussion and Conclusions: Our findings showed a possible risk of primary infection in more than half of the pregnant population, given the seronegativity against the parasite. A considerable frequency of suspected cases of very recent infection was also found. In addition to being associated with a previously recognized risk factor, this fact suggests the presence of other dietary risks that should be addressed through prevention strategies during prenatal care and the need to strengthen event surveillance.

Introdução: A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose prevalente em um terço da população mundial, que afeta negativamente a saúde materno-fetal, causando diversos graus de danos ao feto. Objetivo: Propôs-se avaliar o estado sorológico IgG e IgM anti - Toxoplasma gondii e fatores de risco relacionados, em gestantes no primeiro trimestre em Cúcuta, Colômbia, no ano de 2018. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal e correlacional em Participaram 111 mulheres voluntariamente, que foram testadas para IgM e IgG específicos pelo imunoensaio LIA. Resultados: 19,8% e 35,1% do total de soropositividade foram encontrados para IgM e IgG, respectivamente, 11,7% foi apenas para IgM e 53,2% corresponde à frequência de soronegatividade geral para T.gondii; Foram identificados fatores de risco (IC=95%) , como consumo de carne mal cozida (54,1% dos casos, OR= 1,8, p=0,120 ), água da torneira (48,6%, OR=1,4, p=0,421), cru leite de cabra ou vaca (39,6%, OR=0,78, p=0,553 ), além de conviver com gatos (23,4%), sendo este último significativamente associado à soropositividade ao parasita ( OR=2,8 , p =0,025 ). Discussão e conclusões: Nossos achados revelam um possível risco de infecção primária em mais da metade da população gestante dada a sua soronegatividade contra o parasita, mas também uma frequência considerável de casos com suspeita de infecção muito recente, que, além de estar associada a um fator de risco previamente reconhecido , sugere outros aspectos de risco em torno da alimentação que devem ser impactados por meio de estratégias de prevenção durante o pré-natal, sugerindo a necessidade de fortalecer a vigilância em torno do evento.

Seroprevalencia, características clínicas SARS-COV-2 y sistema ABO en 85 voluntarios residentes de gran altura. La Paz Bolivia / Seroprevalence, SARS-COV-2 clinical characteristics and ABO system in 85 high-altitude resident volunteers. La Paz, Bolivia

OBJETIVO: determinar la seroprevalencia, características clínicas de SARS-COV-2 y su relación con sistema ABO en 85 voluntarios residentes de gran altura. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio observacional, trasversal analítico. Se realizó pruebas de flujo lateral con plasma de sangre venosa, saturación de oxígeno, frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria y se aplicó una encuesta sobre características demográficas y clínicas. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo la información de 85 voluntarios, 64.71% mujeres y 35.29% varones. La edad fue de 37.42±14.7 años. El 15.3% tuvo IgM e IgG positivos, el 58.8% negativos, el 21.2% IgM negativo e IgG positivo y el 4.7% IgM positivo e IgG negativo. En los 4 grupos la mayoría fueron asintomáticos, siendo presintomáticos el 15.38% en los IgM IgG positivos y sintomáticos en proporciones similares en los 4 grupos. El 27% declaró alguna comorbilidad, 8% del grupo IgM e IgG positivos con obesidad; 39% del grupo IgM- IgG+ con obesidad y una embarazada; 50% del grupo IgM+ IgG- con asma y lumbago y en 26% del grupo IgM e IgG negativos con 2 embarazos, 2 gastritis y 1 eritrocitosis. En relación al tipo sanguíneo, el más frecuente fue 0 positivo con 92.8%, seguido de A positivo con 4.8%, A negativo con 1.2% y B positivo también 1.2% (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONES: las características clínicas de COVID­19 y seroprevalencia de IgM e IgG de habitantes de gran altura son similares a los habitantes del llano.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the seroprevalence, clinical characteristics of SARS-COV-2 and its relationship with the ABO system in 85 high-altitude resident volunteers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: observational, cross-sectional analytical study. Lateral flow tests with venous blood plasma, oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate were performed, and a survey on demographic and clinical characteristics was applied. RESULTS: information was obtained from 85 volunteers, 64.71% women and 35.29% men. The age was 37.42±14.7 years. 15.3% had positive IgM and IgG, 58.8% negative, 21.2% negative IgM and positive IgG, and 4.7% positive IgM and negative IgG. In the 4 groups, most were asymptomatic, with 15.38% being presymptomatic in positive IgM IgG and symptomatic in similar proportions in the 4 groups. 27% declared some comorbidity, 8% of the positive IgM and IgG group with obesity; 39% of the IgM-IgG+ group with obesity and one pregnant; 50% of the IgM+ IgG- group with asthma and lumbago and 26% of the IgM and IgG negative group with 2 pregnancies, 2 gastritis and 1 erythrocytosis. In relation to blood type, the most frequent was 0 positive with 92.8%, followed by A positive with 4.8%, A negative with 1.2% and B positive also 1.2% (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and the seroprevalence of IgM and IgG in inhabitants of high altitudes are similar to those in the plains.

Seroprevalencia de infección con SARS-CoV-2 en escolares y docentes en Paraguay

Introducción: En Paraguay, en el 2021 se produjo el retorno gradual y voluntario a las clases en modalidad semipresencial. Objetivo: Estimar la seroprevalencia anti-SARS-CoV2 en los escolares y docentes. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado entre el 25 de octubre y el 5 de noviembre de 2021. Se aplicaron encuestas estructuradas a escolares y docentes de cinco instituciones educativas, dos en Asunción y tres en el Departamento Central; además, se obtuvieron muestras de sangre por punción digital para detección de anticuerpos mediante una prueba rápida inmunocromatográfica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 966 escolares entre 5 a 18 años y 148 docentes, 12,4% (120/966) de los escolares ya había recibido la vacuna anti-COVID-19, que representa 61,9% (120/194) de los estudiantes habilitados para vacunación y 97,3% de los docentes ya antes fue vacunado. El 95,8% de los escolares y 46,6% de los docentes recibieron la vacuna de BNT 162B2 de Pfizer (E.U.A.) y BioNTech (Alemania). El 34,5% de los docentes y 3,9% de los escolares refirieron haber tenido COVID-19. La seroprevalencia sin discriminar estado de vacunación fue 37,7% en escolares y 91,9% en docentes, en los no vacunados fue de 30,9% en escolares y 25,0% en los docentes. En el análisis multivariado solo la vacunación estuvo asociada a la seropositividad. Conclusiones: La alta seroprevalencia anti-SARS-CoV-2 refleja una importante circulación viral en la comunidad. Casi la totalidad del plantel docente tenía el esquema completo de vacunación, y más de la mitad de los estudiantes habilitados había recibido al menos una dosis. Se destaca la alta seropositividad en vacunados. Se recomienda continuar con las medidas preventivas no farmacológicas y vacunación.

Background: In Paraguay there has been a gradual and voluntary return to classes in a blended mode. Aim: To estimate the anti-SARS-CoV2 seroprevalence in schoolchildren and teachers. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, carried out between October 25 and November 5, 2021. Structured surveys were applied to schoolchildren and teachers from five schools, two in Asunción and three in the Central Department. In addition, samples of fingerstick blood for antibody detection by rapid immunochromatographic test were obtained. Results: A total of 148 teachers and 966 schoolchildren were included, 12.4% of the schoolchildren had received the anti-COVID-19 vaccine, which represents 61.9% of the students qualified for vaccination. Among the teachers, 97.3% received the COVID-19 vaccine, 95.9% had the complete schedule, 34.5% of teachers and 3.9% of schoolchildren reported having had COVID-19. The seroprevalence with no vaccine status discrimination was 37.7% in schoolchildren and 91.9% in teachers. In unvaccinated schoolchildren, seroprevalence was 30.9% and in unvaccinated teachers 25.0%. Conclusions: The high anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence reflects an important viral circulation in the community. Almost the entire teaching staff had the complete vaccination schedule, and more than half of the qualified students had received at least a dose. The high seropositivity in vaccinated is highlighted. It is recommended to continue with the preventive non-pharmacological measures and vaccination.

Prevalencia de infección por COVID-19 por serología positiva (IgG/IgM) en personal médico de la cátedra y servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital de Clínicas / Prevalence of COVID-19 infection by positive serology (IgG/IgM) in medical personnel of the chair and service of otorhinolaryngology of the Hospital de Clínicas

Resumen Introducción: El personal de otorrinolaringología presenta una elevada exposición al virus SARS-CoV-2, debido a los procedimientos que lleva a cabo. Es fundamental tomar las medidas de protección adecuadas. Determinar la seroprevalencia nos dará un mejor panorama sobre la exposición, contagios y efectividad de medidas de protección adoptadas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de resultados serológicos positivos en personal médico que presta servicio en la Cátedra de Otorrinolaringología de marzo del 2020 a marzo de 2021. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, corte transversal, retrospectivo con asociación cruzada. Muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. La población total fue de 38 médicos del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital de Clínicas. Resultados: La media de edades fue 37,4 años, 63,5% refirió haber atendido a paciente conocido portador de COVID-19. Un 42% refirió no haber cumplido con todas las medidas de protección personal, mientras que un 23,7% de los sujetos de estudio dio positivo para IgG, interpretándose como infección previa por COVID-19. Conclusión: Más de las dos terceras partes de los médicos refirió dar consulta a paciente COVID-19 positivo. Casi la cuarta parte de los médicos resultó ser positivo para COVID-19 según la prueba de serología anti-N. No se halló asociación entre consulta ni cirugía a pacientes portadores de COVID-19 y el contagio al personal médico.

Abstract Introduction: Otolaryngology personnel have a high exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus due to the procedures they perform. It is essential to take appropriate protective measures. Determining seroprevalence will give us a better picture of exposure, contagion and effectiveness of protective measures adopted. Aim: To determine the prevalence of positive serological results in medical staff serving in the otolaryngology department from March 2020 to March 2021. Material and Method: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective, retrospective study with cross-association. Non-probability sampling of consecutive cases. The total population was 38 physicians of the Otolaryngology Service of the Hospital de Clinicas. Results: The mean age was 37.4. 63.5% reported having seen a patient known to be a COVID-19 carrier, while 42% reported not having complied with all personal protection measures. A 23.68% of the study subjects tested positive for IgG, interpreting previous COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: More than two-thirds of the physicians referred to giving consultation to COVID-19 positive patients. Almost a quarter of the physicians were positive for COVID-19 according to the Anti-N serology test. No association was found between consultation or surgery of patients with COVID-19 and infection of medical personnel.

Anticuerpos anticitomegalovirus y antivirus de Epstein Barr en pacientes cubanos / Anti-cytomegalovirus and anti-Epstein Barr virus antibodies in Cuban patients

Introducción: La infección por el virus de Epstein-Barr es la causa más frecuente de la mononucleosis infecciosa. El citomegalovirus es la segunda causa de síndrome por mononucleosis y presenta gran morbimortalidad en pacientes inmunodeprimidos trasplantados de órganos sólidos, médula ósea e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Objetivo: Determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anticitomegalovirus y anti-Epstein-Barr en pacientes cubanos. Métodos: Se realizó la detección de anticuerpos IgM e IgG frente a ambos virus, por ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzima, a las muestras de pacientes con diagnóstico de infecciones, síndromes febriles, adenopatías a repetición, entre otros, que arribaron al departamento de Histocompatibilidad del Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología de enero 2017 a junio de 2020. Resultados: Se estudiaron 892 muestras de todo el país. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-citomegalovirus fue 81,62 por ciento y 82,06 por ciento para IgG anti-Epstein-Barr. La seroprevalencia con ambos virus en menores de 20 años fue elevada y aumentó con la edad. La infección primaria de estos virus se detectó principalmente en los menores de 20 años. Conclusiones: La seroprevalencia de la infección por ambos virus en la población estudiada concuerda con lo referido en la literatura en sujetos sanos(AU)

Introduction: Epstein-Barr virus infection is the most frequent cause of infectious mononucleosis. Cytomegalovirus is the second cause of mononucleosis syndrome and presents great morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients, mainly in transplanted patients and in those with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of anti-cytomegalovirus and anti-Epstein-Barr antibodies in Cuban patients. Materials and methods: The detection IgG and IgM antibodies against both viruses was done by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to infection, febrile syndrome, repeated adenopathies and others diagnosis patient´s samples that arrived to the Histocompatibility Department of the Institute of Hematology and Immunology from January 2017 to June 2020. Results: 892 serum samples from patients from all over the country were studied. The seroprevalence of anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibodies in the studied sample was 81.62 percent and 82.06 percent for anti-Epstein-Barr. The seroprevalence for both viruses below 20 years old age was high and increased with age. Primary infection with the viruses was detected mainly below 20 years age. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of the infection of both viruses in the studied population agrees with what is reported in the literature(AU)